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JHNM 2026, 36(1): 0-0 |
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Hamed-khiabani M, Abdolalipour S, Khalili-Azar K, Heidarabadi S, Mirghafourvand M. Riskfactors of developmental delay in children under 5 years old in Tabriz, Iran: A case-control study. JHNM 2026; 36 (1)
URL: http://hnmj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-2447-en.html
URL: http://hnmj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-2447-en.html
Monireh Hamed-khiabani1 
, Somayeh Abdolalipour2 , Khadijeh Khalili-Azar3 , Seifollah Heidarabadi4 , Mojgan Mirghafourvand *5
, Somayeh Abdolalipour2 , Khadijeh Khalili-Azar3 , Seifollah Heidarabadi4 , Mojgan Mirghafourvand *5
1- Midwifery (MSc), Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
3- Nursing (MSc), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.
4- Assistant Professor, Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
5- Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ,mirghafourvand@gmail.com
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
3- Nursing (MSc), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.
4- Assistant Professor, Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
5- Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ,
Abstract: (50 Views)
Introduction: Developmental Delay (DD) refers to a child’s inability to attain developmental milestones compared to healthy peers. Although evidence shows that DD has irreparable impacts on children's lives, several aspects continue to remain unknown.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of DD in children under 5 years old in Tabriz, Iran.
Materials and methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2022 on 150 mothers of children with DD (case group) and 150 mothers of healthy children under five years without DD (control group). The case group was selected via convenience sampling from the Comprehensive Developmental Center in Tabriz. The DD was diagnosed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ). The control group was selected via cluster sampling from the health centers in Tabriz. The data collection tool was a questionnaire measuring sociodemographic/clinical/obstetric/child-related characteristics. In bivariate analysis, independent t-test, chi-square test, and chi-square test for trend (linear-by-linear association) were used. The variables with significant differences were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model (enter method) to find the predictors.
Results: The mean age of mothers was 33.4 ± 6.2 years in the case group and 30.3 ± 5.1 years in the control group. Male children comprised 65.3% of the case group and 52% of the control group. According to the multivariate regression model, mother’s secondary school education or lower (OR= 0.81, 95% CI: 1.25-6.28, P=0.012), history of child hospitalization (OR=3.02, 95% CI: 1.69-5.40, P=0.001), emergency cesarean-section (OR=2.47, 95% CI: 1.10-5.53, P=0.028), maternal infection during pregnancy (OR=5.0, 95% CI;1.48-16.85, P=0.009), and intrauterine growth restriction (OR=3.7, 95% CI; 1.1-12.6, P=0.038) were significantly associated with increased risk of DD; whereas, breastfeeding (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27-0.87, P=0.016) and male gender (OR=0.53,95% CI: 0.32-0.89, P=0.016) were significantly associated with decreased risk of DD.
Conclusion: Given the risk factors of DD in children under five in Tabriz, targeted developmental screening and early intervention for high-risk children are recommended. Promoting maternal education, prenatal care, and breastfeeding, alongside improved neonatal monitoring, can help mitigate DD risks
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of DD in children under 5 years old in Tabriz, Iran.
Materials and methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2022 on 150 mothers of children with DD (case group) and 150 mothers of healthy children under five years without DD (control group). The case group was selected via convenience sampling from the Comprehensive Developmental Center in Tabriz. The DD was diagnosed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ). The control group was selected via cluster sampling from the health centers in Tabriz. The data collection tool was a questionnaire measuring sociodemographic/clinical/obstetric/child-related characteristics. In bivariate analysis, independent t-test, chi-square test, and chi-square test for trend (linear-by-linear association) were used. The variables with significant differences were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model (enter method) to find the predictors.
Results: The mean age of mothers was 33.4 ± 6.2 years in the case group and 30.3 ± 5.1 years in the control group. Male children comprised 65.3% of the case group and 52% of the control group. According to the multivariate regression model, mother’s secondary school education or lower (OR= 0.81, 95% CI: 1.25-6.28, P=0.012), history of child hospitalization (OR=3.02, 95% CI: 1.69-5.40, P=0.001), emergency cesarean-section (OR=2.47, 95% CI: 1.10-5.53, P=0.028), maternal infection during pregnancy (OR=5.0, 95% CI;1.48-16.85, P=0.009), and intrauterine growth restriction (OR=3.7, 95% CI; 1.1-12.6, P=0.038) were significantly associated with increased risk of DD; whereas, breastfeeding (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27-0.87, P=0.016) and male gender (OR=0.53,95% CI: 0.32-0.89, P=0.016) were significantly associated with decreased risk of DD.
Conclusion: Given the risk factors of DD in children under five in Tabriz, targeted developmental screening and early intervention for high-risk children are recommended. Promoting maternal education, prenatal care, and breastfeeding, alongside improved neonatal monitoring, can help mitigate DD risks
Article Type : Research |
Subject:
General
Received: 2024/11/28 | Accepted: 2025/05/6 | Published: 2026/01/11
Received: 2024/11/28 | Accepted: 2025/05/6 | Published: 2026/01/11
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