Volume 28, Issue 4 (9-2018)                   JHNM 2018, 28(4): 205-210 | Back to browse issues page


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Khani Jeihooni A, Forghani Fasaei I, Kashfi S M, Khiyali Z, Mobasheri F. Quality of Life in Patients With Osteoporosis People. JHNM 2018; 28 (4) :205-210
URL: http://hnmj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-628-en.html
1- Department of Public Health, Assistant Professor, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
2- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, General Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
3- Department of Public Health, Assistant Professor, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
4- Department of Public Health, Instructor, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. , khiyaliz@yahoo.com
5- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Instructor, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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Introduction
Osteoporosis is one of the most common metabolic bone diseases [1], known as a major public health problem [2]. More than 200 million people are affected by this disease worldwide [3]. Osteoporosis does not have an acute onset but a gradual process and in case of the disease, considerable control, time, and costs are required to compensate for bone mass loss [4]. Fractures are the most common and serious side effects of osteoporosis. This disease is responsible for 1.5 million fractures per year [5, 6]. Therefore, the importance of the disease is associated with increased femoral, hip, and spinal fractures [7]. It has been determined that the number of hip fractures will increase by 31% and 24% in men and women by 2025, respectively. Therefore, therapeutic and medical expenses will also increase dramatically from $34.800 million in 1990 to $131.500 million in 2050 [8]. 
Based on studies, 1 out of 5 American women older than 50 years develops osteoporosis and about half of all women over 50 years have a history of fracture of the pelvis, wrists or spine [9]. Based on demographic changes, it is expected that more than 75% of osteoporosis fractures occur in developing countries [10]. Studies conducted in Iran suggests that 17% of patients have osteoporosis and 35% have osteopenia [11]. A meta-analysis study by Bagheri et al. reported that the lowest and highest prevalence of osteoporosis in the femur area was observed as 1.5% and 43% and the lowest and highest prevalence for the spinal column were 3.2% and 51.3% in the Iranian women [7]. Decreased physical activity, mobility due to pain, depression and social isolation are among the major consequences of osteoporosis fractures globally. These problems have adverse effects on daily activities, reduce the quality of life and are accompanied by healthcare and social services costs [12]. 
According to studies, women with osteoporosis have a lower quality of life compared to healthy women, even when there is no fracture [13]. Some studies reported such differences only in significant social activities [8]thus additional supplementary studies may be necessary to compare  other areas of quality of life in patients with osteoporosis and healthy people. It seems that quality of life in patients with osteoporosis should be investigated even before the occurrence of fractures to develop effective strategies for disease acceptance and dealing with it through performing counseling interventions, and providing appropriate support and care [14].
Quality of Life (QoL) is a broad multi-dimensional concept, which reflects all aspects of the welfare of an individual, including health status, as well as environmental, spiritual, and economic issues. Health-related QoL is especially associated with physical, psychological, and social health aspects as well as the effects of illness and treatment on these parameters [15]. Osteoporosis does not affect the quality of life per se but its complications and especially consequent fractures are the main factors in reducing the QoL [16, 17]. Given the impact of multiple factors on QoL [18], factors like environmental. geographical, cultural, ethic, race, and even personal perception of  QoL mentioned in Gil study [19], 34.1% osteoporosis prevalence in Fasa City, Iran [20], as well as lack of any study on this subject in Fasa, the researcher tried to assess the QoL of patients with osteoporosis. Focusing on the quality of life is important in order to identify educational, consulting, and treating needs and is the basis to improve QoL. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the QoL in patients with osteoporosis, referring to the Bone Density Test Center in Fasa, compared to healthy people.
Materials and Methods
This was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted on patients referred to the Osteoporosis Center in Fasa. According to Hassanzadeh et al. [8] study, considering the mean difference of 3.09, standard deviation of 3.2, with 95% confidence level, and power of 80%, the sample size was estimated as 127 which increased to 300 (150 patients with osteoporosis and 150 healthy ones) in order to increase the power of the study.
Subjects of this study were selected from April to August 2015, based on the list of the individuals referred to the Bone Density Test Center of Fasa, registering for the bone densitometry test. Also they should meet the inclusion criteria (lack of chronic kidney disease, cancer, heart and lung diseases, diabetes, uncontrolled blood pressure, severe mental, vision, and hearing disorders) used for both healthy and affected groups. The inclusion criteria werer confirmed through the self-report questionnaire. Bone density was measured by DEXA (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) using the Hologic Device in bones L1 to L4 densitometry. The information obtained from densitometry including bone density in the lumbar spine and in the femur region were recorded as the amount of bone density, as per defined by the World Health Organization (WHO).
According to WHO, the osteopenia is a condition in which bone density is 1 to 2.5 standard deviations less than the average number of young adults of the same race and gender. Osteoporosis is a condition in which bone mass density is more than 2.5 standard deviations  below the average number of young adults of the same race and gender [21]. Therefore, in the present study, among those referring to the Bone Density Test Center, based on the results of bone densitometry testing and with the approval of the orthopedic specialist, people who had a value of below -2.5 SD were considered as patients with osteoporosis and those with bone densitometry above -1 SD were considered healthy. The data collection instrument was a two-part questionnaire including demographic information and quality of life measurements. 
Quality of Life Questionnaire (Qualeffo-41) was developed by Lips and the activists of quality of life group at the International Osteoporosis Foundation, which had 41 questions in 5 domains to investigate pain, physical function (daily activities, housework, and mobility), social activities, belief in public health, and mental activity [22-24]. This instrument has already been used in Iran [8]. In this study, the reliability of the instrument was confirmed by a preliminary study on a sample size of 30 subjects and the Cronbach α was found as 0.78. In this questionnaire, each subject was scored from 1, which represents the best situation to 5, which indicates the worst situation. Then, the mean score of each field was calculated based on the total number of questions answered and finally the total score and the score of each area for every subject studied was transferred to domain scores from 0 to 100. Eventually, the total score for all questions for subjects studied varies from 0 to 100. After identifying patients with osteoporosis and healthy people, subjects completed the questionnaire by the self-report method but it was completed by the researcher for the illiterate people. 
To collect data, 450 people registered on the list were contacted and their test result was asked and 300 people were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The research data were analyzed using SPSS (V. 19) by the Chi-square test and Independent t test and P<0.05 was considered as the significance level. Normal distribution of the data was also controlled by The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In order to observe ethical considerations, the present study was conducted by obtaining written consent from the research subjects following the description of the purpose and ensuring that the information provided will be kept confidential. 
Results
Of all subjects, 268 (89.3%) were females and 32 (10.7%) of them were males. The mean age of the subjects were 54.21±2.73 and 56.18±2.12 years for the affected and healthy group, respectively. Mean BMI in the affected group was 24.12±1.14 kg/m2 and in the healthy group it was 26.16±2.21 kg/m2, and no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in this regard. Other demographic variables of the two study groups are listed in Table 1.

 
The results show the lower mean score of QoL in patients with osteoporosis and healthy people in the domains of pain, physical function (daily activities, housework, and mobility), social activities, belief in public health, and mental activity. Based on the Independent t test, the score of QoL and its domains in patients with osteoporosis was significantly higher than those in the healthy people (P=0.001) (Table 2).
Discussion
Osteoporosis is a disease that is accompanied by increased bone fragility as a consequence of the decline in bone density. When a fracture occurs, in addition to pain and disruption in physical function, decreased mobility and social interaction and emotional problems might follow, which all of these determine the quality of life in patients with osteoporosis [25]. The findings showed that QoL score in all its domains including the areas of pain, physical function (daily activities, housework, and mobility), social activities, belief in public health, and mental function is higher in patients with osteoporosis, compared to the healthy people. It is worth reminding that a higher score indicates a lower quality of life, based on the standard of scoring in the Qualeffo-41 questionnaire.
In the present study, a significant difference was observed in the quality of life related to the field of pain between the two groups which is consistent with the results of many previous studies [14, 2527]. This difference in the amount of pain can be explained, due to the nature of an asymptomatic disease and that the disease  occurs in various forms including the skeletal fractures, kyphosis and even bone pain, considering that most patients with osteoporosis in this study had the history of bone fracture. Fear of collapse and fracture resulting from it may be related to limited movement and motility. A statistically significant difference was observed in the QoL regarding to physical function in all three areas between the two groups. Altındağ [25] showed that women with osteoporosis are at the highest risk for physical inability and problems with everyday life activities and consequently, a decrease in their QoL. Maintaining or improving daily activities may improve the QoL.
Avoiding social interactions due to low self-confidence, physical pain in everyday life activities, emotional problems, anxiety and fear of fracture, and depression caused by being dependent on others [28] are the negative consequence of this disease. In the present study, significant statistical difference was observed in the quality of life associated with the field of social activities between the two groups.  Hassanzadeh [8] and Esmaili [29] showed that the mean score of the quality of life in patients with osteoporosis in the field of social activities was higher than those of the healthy people, reflecting the low quality of their lives in the field of social activities. Findings of the current study is consistent with their study results. Lee [30] mentioned that given the gradual and unexplained process of osteoporosis, disruption occurs in people’s social activities and consequently, their QoL declines.
In the present study, a statistically significant difference was observed in the QoL related to the field of belief in health between the two groups. Shojaezadeh [31] showed a relationship between osteoporosis and belief in the health of people. These findings are consistent with  other studies [25, 26]. The study by Hassanzadeh [8] conducted on people who have not yet had bone fracture, showed that the QoL in the areas of pain, physical function, belief in general health, and mental function in patients with osteoporosis has no significant difference, compared to the healthy patients. This conclusion is  inconsistent with the present study. The causes of this contradiction can be differences between the studied groups in term of the history of bone fracture in which,  in the present study most people had a history of bone fracture.
A statistically significant difference was observed in the QoL related to the domain of mental function, between the two groups. A study in Brazil [26] showed that women with osteoporosis had disorders in all areas of their QoL including mental function, compared to the healthy women and they  believed that a lifestyle without mobility is a factor that leads to pain, impaired physical function, and mental function. The study by Kuru [32] also showed the negative effect of osteoporosis-induced fracture on the QoL of patients in the domain of mental function which our results are consistent with it. 
Osteoporosis is known as one of the most common bone diseases in Iran and imposes a lot of life and financial losses to the community. According to the results, it is suggested that future studies be conducted with larger sample sizes with considering other important variables like menopause. Regarding the effect of osteoporosis on all aspects of the QoL in patients with osteoporosis, early diagnosis and treatment to reduce the complications and improving the quality of life and reducing the economic and social costs of the disease, are suggested.
Limitation of this study included applying a self-report questionnaire, not considering the menopausal variable as an important variable in the study, and the impossibility of generalizing the result of the study to the whole society, because the subjects were selected from the individuals referring to bone densitometry centers.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines

This research was approved by the Research Center of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, No. 93153 with Ethics Code No. IR.FUMS.REC.1393.013.
Funding
This research has been conducted based on the dissertation of the General Medical School sponsored by the Vice-Chancellor of Research at Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 
Conflict of interest
The authors certify that they have no affiliation with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest, or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials dismissed in this manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Hereby, we express our gratitude towards he Vice-Chancellor of Research at Fasa University of Medical Sciences. We also express our gratitude towards women who helped conducting the research.


References
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  2. Munch S, Shapiro S. The silent thief: Osteoporosis and women’s health care across the life span. Health & Social Work. 2006; 31(1):44-53. [DOI:10.1093/hsw/31.1.44] [PMID]
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  4. Ha JY, Choi EY. [Health perception, health concern, and health promotion behavior of the elders (Korean)]. Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing, 2013, 15(3):277-85.
  5. Aziz Zadeh Forouzi M, Haghdoost A, Saidzadeh Z, Mohamadalizadeh S. [Study of knowledge and attitude of Rafsanjanian female teachers toward prevention of osteoporosis (Persian)]. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2009; 16(1):71-7. 
  6. Malgo F, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Termaat MF, van der Heide HJ, Schipper IB, Rabelink TJ, et al. High prevalence of secondary factors for bone fragility in patients with a recent fracture independently of BMD. Archives of Osteoporosis. 2016; 11(1):12. [DOI:10.1007/s11657-016-0258-3]
  7. Bagheri P, Haghdoost A, Dortaj Rabari E, Halimi L, Vafaei Z, Farhang nya M, et al. [Ultra analysis of prevalence of osteoporosis in Iranian women “A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis” (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism 2011; 13(3):315-25.
  8. Hassanzadeh J, Nasimi B, Ranjbar-Omrani GH, Moradi-Nazar M, Mohammadbeigi A. [Evaluating the Quality of Life of osteoporotic postmenopausal women (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012; 14(3):234-40.
  9. Strom O, Borgstrom F, Kanis JA, Compston J, Cooper C, McCloskey EV, et al. Osteoporosis: Burden, health care provision and opportunities in the EU: A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Archives of Osteoporosis. 2011; 6(1-2):59-155 [DOI:10.1007/s11657-011-0060-1] [PMID]
  10. Keramat A, Patwardhan B, Larijani B, Chopra A, Mithal A, Chakravarty D, et al. The assessment of osteoporosis risk factors in Iranian women compared with Indian women. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2008; 9:28. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2474-9-28] [PMID] [PMCID]
  11. Doosti Irani A, Poorolajal J, Khalilian A, Esmailnasab N, Cheraghi Z. Prevalence of osteoporosis in Iran: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2013; 18(9):759-66. [PMID] [PMCID]
  12. Korkmaz N, Tutoğlu A, Korkmaz I, Boyacı A. The relationships among vitamin d level, balance, muscle strength, and quality of life in postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2014; 26(10):1521-6. [DOI:10.1589/jpts.26.1521] [PMID] [PMCID]
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  16. Borgström F, Zethraeus N, Johnell O, Lidgren L, Ponzer S, Svensson O, et al. Costs and quality of life associated with osteoporosis-related fractures in Sweden. Osteoporosis International. 2005; 17(5):637-50. [DOI:10.1007/s00198-005-0015-8] [PMID]
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  19. Gil KM, Gibbons HE, Hopkins MP, Jenison EL, VonGruenigen VE. Baseline characteristics influencing quality of life in women undergoing gynecologic oncology surgery. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2007; 5(25):1-7. [DOI:10.1186/1477-7525-5-25]
  20. Nobakht Motlagh F, Khani Jihoni A, Haidarnia A, Kave M, Hajizadeh E, Babaee Haidar Abadi A, et al. [Prevalence of osteoporosis and its related factors in women referred to Fasa's densitometry Center (Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 21(4):150-8.
  21. Saag KG, Sambrook P, Watts NB. Osteoporosis. In: Klippel JH, Stone JH, Crofford LJ, White PH, editors. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. New York: Springer; 2008. [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-68566-3_35]
  22. Lips P, Cooper C, Agnusdei D, Caulin F, Egger P, Johnell O, et al. Quality of life in patients with vertebral fractures: Validation of the Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis (QUALEFFO). Osteoporosis International. 1999; 10(2):150-60. [DOI:10.1007/s001980050210] [PMID]
  23. Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, Adachi JD, Epstein RS, Juniper EF, Austin PA, et al. Development and validation of the mini-Osteoporosis Quality of Life Questionnaire (OQLQ) in osteoporotic women with back pain due to vertebral fractures. Osteoporosis Quality of Life Study Group. Osteoporosis International. 1999; 10(3):207-13. [DOI:10.1007/s001980050217] [PMID]
  24. Murrell P, Todd CJ, Martin A, Walton J, Lips P, Reeve J. Postal administration compared with nurse-supported administration of the QUALEFFO-41 in a population sample: Comparison of results and assessment of psychometric properties. Osteoporosis International. 2001; 12(8):672-9. [DOI:10.1007/s001980170067] [PMID]
  25. Altindag O, Soran N. Osteoporosis significantly reduces quality of life. Gaziantep Medical Journal. 2014; 20(3):217-20. [DOI:10.5455/gmj-30-49394] 
  26. De Oliveira Ferreira N, Arthuso M, da Silva R, Pedro AO, Neto AMP, Costa-Paiva L. Quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: Correlation between QUALEFFO 41 and SF-36. Maturitas. 2009; 62(1):85-90. [DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.10.012] [PMID]
  27. El-Shazly S, Mahmoud N. Measuring the Quality of Life among elderly with osteoporosis. Alexandria Scientific Nursing Journal. 2007; 6(2):23-37.
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  29. Esmaeili Shahmirzadi S, Shojaeizadeh D, Azam K, Tol A. [A survey on Quality of Life in the elderly with osteoporosis (Persian)]. Health System Research. 2013; 8(7):1180-9.
  30. Lee SH. A Study on regional bone mineral density by osteoarthritis grade of the knee-data from 2010–11 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey [MSc. thesis]. Seoul: The Graduate School of Public Health Seoul National University; 2014.
  31. Shojaezadeh D, Sadeghi R, Tarrahi MJ, Asadi M, Lashgarara B. [Application of health belief model in prevention of osteoporosis in volunteers of Khorramabad city health centers, Iran (Persian)]. Journal of Health System Research. 2012; 8(2):183-92.
  32. Kuru P, Akyuz G, Peynirci Cersit H, Celenlioglu AE, Cumhur A, Biricik S, et al. Fracture History in osteoporosis: Risk factors and its effect on quality of life. Balkan Medical Journal. 2015; 31(4):295-301. [DOI:10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.13265] [PMID] [PMCID]
Article Type : Research | Subject: General
Received: 2017/11/22 | Accepted: 2018/02/22 | Published: 2018/09/1

References
1. KSBMR. Osteoporosis health information: What osteoporosis? [Internet] 2015 [Update 2015 June 15]. Available from: http://www.ksbmr.org/info/index2.php/KSBMR scale
2. Munch S, Shapiro S. The silent thief: Osteoporosis and women's health care across the life span. Health & Social Work. 2006; 31(1):44-53. [DOI:10.1093/hsw/31.1.44] [PMID] [DOI:10.1093/hsw/31.1.44]
3. Stetzer E. Identifying risk factors for osteoporosis in young women and practice. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 2011; 9(4):1-8.
4. Ha JY, Choi EY. [Health perception, health concern, and health promotion behavior of the elders (Korean)]. Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing, 2013, 15(3):277-85.
5. Aziz Zadeh Forouzi M, Haghdoost A, Saidzadeh Z, Mohamadalizadeh S. [Study of knowledge and attitude of Rafsanjanian female teachers toward prevention of osteoporosis (Persian)]. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2009; 16(1):71-7.
6. Malgo F, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Termaat MF, van der Heide HJ, Schipper IB, Rabelink TJ, et al. High prevalence of secondary factors for bone fragility in patients with a recent fracture independently of BMD. Archives of Osteoporosis. 2016; 11(1):12. [DOI:10.1007/s11657-016-0258-3] [DOI:10.1007/s11657-016-0258-3]
7. Bagheri P, Haghdoost A, Dortaj Rabari E, Halimi L, Vafaei Z, Farhang nya M, et al. [Ultra analysis of prevalence of osteoporosis in Iranian women "A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism 2011; 13(3):315-25.
8. Hassanzadeh J, Nasimi B, Ranjbar-Omrani GH, Moradi-Nazar M, Mohammadbeigi A. [Evaluating the Quality of Life of osteoporotic postmenopausal women (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012; 14(3):234-40.
9. Strom O, Borgstrom F, Kanis JA, Compston J, Cooper C, McCloskey EV, et al. Osteoporosis: Burden, health care provision and opportunities in the EU: A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Archives of Osteoporosis. 2011; 6(1-2):59-155 [DOI:10.1007/s11657-011-0060-1] [PMID] [DOI:10.1007/s11657-011-0060-1]
10. Keramat A, Patwardhan B, Larijani B, Chopra A, Mithal A, Chakravarty D, et al. The assessment of osteoporosis risk factors in Iranian women compared with Indian women. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2008; 9:28. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2474-9-28] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1186/1471-2474-9-28]
11. Doosti Irani A, Poorolajal J, Khalilian A, Esmailnasab N, Cheraghi Z. Prevalence of osteoporosis in Iran: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2013; 18(9):759-66. [PMID] [PMCID]
12. Korkmaz N, Tutoğlu A, Korkmaz I, Boyacı A. The relationships among vitamin d level, balance, muscle strength, and quality of life in postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2014; 26(10):1521-6. [DOI:10.1589/jpts.26.1521] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1589/jpts.26.1521]
13. Compston JE, Flahive J, Hooven FH, Anderson Jr FA, Adachi JD, Boonen S, et al. Obesity, health-care utilization, and health-related quality of life after fracture in postmenopausal women: Global Longitudinal study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW). Calcified Tissue International. 2014; 94(2):223-31. [DOI:10.1007/s00223-013-9801-z] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1007/s00223-013-9801-z]
14. Solomon DH, Johnston SS, Boytsov NN, McMorrow D, Lane JM, Krohn KD. Osteoporosis medication use after hip fracture in U.S. patients between 2002 and 2011. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2014; 29(9):1929-37. [DOI:10.1002/jbmr.2202] [DOI:10.1002/jbmr.2202]
15. Wilson S, Sharp CA, Davie MWJ. Health-related quality of life in patients with osteoporosis in the absence of vertebral fracture: A systematic review. Osteoporosis International. 2012; 23(12):2749-68. [DOI:10.1007/s00198-012-2050-6] [PMID] [DOI:10.1007/s00198-012-2050-6]
16. Borgström F, Zethraeus N, Johnell O, Lidgren L, Ponzer S, Svensson O, et al. Costs and quality of life associated with osteoporosis-related fractures in Sweden. Osteoporosis International. 2005; 17(5):637-50. [DOI:10.1007/s00198-005-0015-8] [PMID] [DOI:10.1007/s00198-005-0015-8]
17. Dempster DW. Osteoporosis and the burden of osteoporosis related fractures. The American Journal of Managed Care. 2011; 17(6):164-9. [PMID]
18. Monshipour SM, Mokhtari Lakeh N, Rafat F, Kazemnezhad Leyli E. [Related factors to menopausal women's Quality of Life in Rasht (Persian)]. Holistic Nursing and Midwifery Journal. 2016; 26(1):80-8.
19. Gil KM, Gibbons HE, Hopkins MP, Jenison EL, VonGruenigen VE. Baseline characteristics influencing quality of life in women undergoing gynecologic oncology surgery. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2007; 5(25):1-7. [DOI:10.1186/1477-7525-5-25] [DOI:10.1186/1477-7525-5-25]
20. Nobakht Motlagh F, Khani Jihoni A, Haidarnia A, Kave M, Hajizadeh E, Babaee Haidar Abadi A, et al. [Prevalence of osteoporosis and its related factors in women referred to Fasa's densitometry Center (Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 21(4):150-8.
21. Saag KG, Sambrook P, Watts NB. Osteoporosis. In: Klippel JH, Stone JH, Crofford LJ, White PH, editors. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. New York: Springer; 2008. [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-68566-3_35] [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-68566-3_35]
22. Lips P, Cooper C, Agnusdei D, Caulin F, Egger P, Johnell O, et al. Quality of life in patients with vertebral fractures: Validation of the Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis (QUALEFFO). Osteoporosis International. 1999; 10(2):150-60. [DOI:10.1007/s001980050210] [PMID] [DOI:10.1007/s001980050210]
23. Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, Adachi JD, Epstein RS, Juniper EF, Austin PA, et al. Development and validation of the mini-Osteoporosis Quality of Life Questionnaire (OQLQ) in osteoporotic women with back pain due to vertebral fractures. Osteoporosis Quality of Life Study Group. Osteoporosis International. 1999; 10(3):207-13. [DOI:10.1007/s001980050217] [PMID] [DOI:10.1007/s001980050217]
24. Murrell P, Todd CJ, Martin A, Walton J, Lips P, Reeve J. Postal administration compared with nurse-supported administration of the QUALEFFO-41 in a population sample: Comparison of results and assessment of psychometric properties. Osteoporosis International. 2001; 12(8):672-9. [DOI:10.1007/s001980170067] [PMID] [DOI:10.1007/s001980170067]
25. Altindag O, Soran N. Osteoporosis significantly reduces quality of life. Gaziantep Medical Journal. 2014; 20(3):217-20. [DOI:10.5455/gmj-30-49394] [DOI:10.5455/GMJ-30-49394]
26. De Oliveira Ferreira N, Arthuso M, da Silva R, Pedro AO, Neto AMP, Costa-Paiva L. Quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: Correlation between QUALEFFO 41 and SF-36. Maturitas. 2009; 62(1):85-90. [DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.10.012] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.10.012]
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